• Belgium's inflation rate based on the European harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP) stood at 2.2% in December compared to 2.6% in November and 2.5% in October.
• Core inflation (inflation without energy and unprocessed food) stood at 2.9% in December compared to 2.7% in November.
• The inflation rate based on the consumer price index (CPI) for December stood at 2.1% compared to 2.4% in November.
• The sub-indices with the largest upward effect on inflation were restaurants and cafés, rents, domestic services and meat.
• However, the sub-indices with the largest downward effect on inflation were natural gas, motor fuels and domestic heating oil.
• The harmonised index of consumer prices of December for the EU Member States will be published by Eurostat on 19 January.

The inflation rate based on the European harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP)^[1] stood at 2.2% in December compared to 2.6% in November and 2.5% in October. The inflation rate based on the harmonised index of consumer prices at constant tax rates (HICP-CT)^[1] was 2.2% in December, compared to 2.7% in November.

Core inflation, which does not take into account price evolutions of energy products and unprocessed food, stood at 2.9% in December, compared to 2.7% in November and 2.6% in October. Inflation without energy amounts to 2.9% compared to 2.7% in November.

Food inflation now stands at 2.7% compared to 2.9% the previous month. Inflation for oils amounts to -1.2% this month versus 1.1% in November. For dairy products, inflation decreases to 2.4% from 2.9% last month. Fish registers this month an inflation rate of 1.2% compared to 2.1% in November. Bread and cereals register in December an inflation rate of 2.0%, as in November. Inflation for meat has also stabilised this month, at 5.8%.

The contribution of energy to inflation has been negative from January 2023 to February 2024. It is now -0.4%, which is a decrease compared to last month (0.1%). Food products provide a contribution of 0.4%.

Electricity is now 3.2% more expensive than a year ago. Natural gas registers an inflation rate of -13.6% compared to December last year. Domestic heating oil prices have gone down by 11.2% compared to last year.

Inflation and effect on inflation for the 12 main groups 

Based on the breakdown into 12 main groups, the highest inflation rate in December was measured for “Hotels, cafés and restaurants” (4.0%). The lowest inflation rate was measured for “Clothing and footwear” (0.2%). The main group with the largest upward effect on inflation in December was “Hotels, cafés and restaurants” with an effect of 0.2 percentage points. The largest downward effect was measured for “Housing, water and energy” with -0.3 percentage points. 

Inflation^[3] and effect^[4] on inflation for the overall HICP and 12 main groups

Inflation according to specific aggregates

The overall HICP can be broken down into five specific aggregates which together form the total expenditure.

• The inflation rate for fuels and energy sources decreased compared to the previous month. In December, it amounted to -4.4% compared to 1.0% in November and 1.3% in October. Prices decreased by 2.4% on average compared to the previous month. The average inflation rate of this aggregate for the last twelve months is 4.9%.
• Inflation for processed food products stood at 2.5% in December, compared to 2.7% in November and 2.6% in October. Prices have decreased on average by 0.2% compared to the previous month. The average inflation rate for the last twelve months is 4.8%.
• Inflation for unprocessed food (fruit, vegetables, meat and fish) amounts to 3.0% in December as in November and to 2.8% in October. Prices decreased on average by 0.6% compared to November. The average inflation rate of this aggregate for the last twelve months is 2.4%.
• Inflation for non-energy industrial goods was running at 0.7% in December, compared to 0.3% in November and October. Prices have increased by 0.4% compared to the previous month.
• Inflation for services (including rents) has stabilised at 4.2% in December as in November and amounted to 3.7% in October. The average inflation rate of this aggregate for the last twelve months is 3.7%. 

Core inflation (inflation without energy and unprocessed food) stood at 2.9% in December. This is an increase compared to the 2.7% rate registered in November. Average core inflation over the last 12 months amounts to 2.8%. Prices of this subaggregate have increased by 0.6% compared to the previous month.

Inflation according to specific aggregates

Effect of sub-indices on inflation

The largest upward effect on inflation was caused by restaurants and cafés (0.16 percentage points). Rents had a positive effect of 0.15 percentage points. Domestic services had a positive impact of 0.14 percentage points. Meat provided an upward effect of 0.12 percentage points.

Sub-indices with the largest upward effect on inflation

The largest downward effect on inflation came from natural gas (-0.37 percentage points). Motor fuels had an effect of -0.17 percentage points. Finally, domestic heating oil had a negative effect of -0.13 percentage points.

Sub-indices with the largest downward effect on inflation

Comparison with neighbouring countries

Since the final HICP of the neighbouring countries will not be published until later, comparisons can only be made based on the first HICP flash estimate of December. This inflation in Belgium in December amounted to 2.2%, a decrease compared to the rate of 2.6% observed in November. The Netherlands registered an inflation rate of 2.5% in December, a slight decrease compared to an inflation rate of 2.6% in November. Inflation in France in December amounted to 0.7%, slightly down from 0.8% in November. The first HICP flash estimate for December in Germany was 2.0%, a decrease compared to November when it was 2.6%.

Since the HICP at constant tax rates for December are not yet published by Eurostat, November is the most recent month to use as a basis for comparison. Belgium's inflation rate based on the HICP-CT stood at 2.7% in November, slightly up from a rate of 2.6% in October. In November, this inflation in Germany was running at 2.5%, up from the rate of 2.2% registered in October. Inflation in France decreased from 0.6% in October to 0.5% in November. In the Netherlands, this inflation decreased to 2.6% in November. In October, it was 3.0%.

^[1] In addition to the national consumer price index (CPI), Statbel also calculates a European harmonised consumer price index (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices, HICP). The HICP is used to compare inflation rates in the EU Member States. To this end, the applied expenditure approach and methods have been coordinated as much as possible and laid down in European regulations. The results of the CPI and HICP are not the same. This is mainly due to a different weighting and composition of the basket of goods and services on which these indices are based.

The HICP is also used by the European Central Bank in its monetary policy. Additionally, the HICP is used to determine to what extent a Member State meets the inflation criteria set in the Treaty on European Union.

Differences between the HICP and the current CPI are:

• The weighting of the basket of goods and services in the HICP is mainly based on the national accounts. At lower detailed levels the Household Budget Survey is used. The CPI mostly uses the Household Budget Survey at all levels.
• The reference population of the HICP consists of private households (including tourists in Belgium) and institutional households (e.g. retirement homes and nursing homes). In the CPI, this population currently consists of private households with a reference person under a maximum age.
• The HICP uses the concept of domestic expenditure: expenditure in Belgium by the reference population. The CPI uses the concept of national expenditure: expenditure by the reference population irrespective of the location.
• Seasonal adjustment is not applied in the HICP, but is applied in the CPI to travels abroad and stays in holiday villages.
• Sales periods have been neutralised in the CPI , but are included in the same month in the HICP.
• Current prices for domestic heating oil are used in the HICP calculation. A weighted 12-month average is applied in the CPI calculation.

^[2] The HICP-CT is calculated in the same way as the regular HICP, but the prices in this index are calculated based on constant tax rates. This index therefore reflects the theoretically potential effect of changes in indirect tax rates (such as VAT or excise duties) on measured inflation. However, this is a theoretical effect, since it presupposes that tax changes are immediately and entirely reflected in prices paid by consumers.

^[3] Inflation on annual basis measures the price changes between the current month and the same month of the year before. A 12-month average compares the average HICP of the last 12 months with the average of the previous 12 months. A monthly change compares the price levels of the last two months.

^[4] The effect on inflation shows the changes on the inflation rate by including the sub-index in the HICP. The effect not only takes the weight of the sub-index into account, but it also takes into account whether the sub-index inflation is higher or lower than that of the total expenditure (overall HICP).